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1 Pre-language science, Introduction to linguistics
Образование: введение в языкознаниеУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Pre-language science, Introduction to linguistics
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2 introduction
introduction [‚ɪntrə'dʌkʃən](a) (of one person to another) présentation f;∎ familiar would you do or make the introductions? peux-tu faire les présentations?;∎ our next guest needs no introduction inutile de vous présenter l'invité suivant(b) (first part → of speech, piece of music) introduction f; (→ of book) introduction f, avant-propos m inv(c) (basic textbook, course) introduction f, initiation f;∎ an introduction to linguistics une introduction à la linguistique;∎ an introduction to his more difficult work une introduction aux parties difficiles de son œuvre(d) (bringing in) introduction f;∎ the introduction of computer technology into schools l'introduction de l'informatique à l'école(f) (initiation) introduction f, premier contact m;∎ this was my introduction to Shakespeare ça a été mon premier contact avec Shakespeare;∎ this record is a good introduction to her work cet album constitue une bonne introduction à son œuvre(h) Commerce (of product) lancement m; Stock Exchange (of shares) introduction f au marché hors coteUn panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > introduction
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3 introducción
f.1 introduction, preamble, lead-in, prologue.2 introduction, input, insertion, putting-in.* * *1 introduction* * *noun f.* * *SF1) [de texto] introduction"Introducción a la gramática española" — "Introduction to Spanish Grammar"
2) (=inserción) insertionla introducción del tubo puede causar heridas — inserting the tube o the insertion of the tube can cause injury, the tube's insertion could cause injury
3) (=llegada) [de mercancías, cambios] introductionla revolución que supuso la introducción del vídeo en los hogares — the revolution caused by the arrival of the video in the home
4) (Inform) [de datos] input* * *1) (en libro, obra musical) introduction2)a) (de cambio, medida) introductionla introducción de un nuevo producto en el mercado — the introduction of a new product onto the market
b) ( inserción) insertionc) (a tema, cultura) introduction* * *= background, leading remark, overview, penetration, prelude, preparation, infusion, induction, backgrounder, entrée, build-up [buildup], rollout [roll-out].Nota: De un producto, principalmente..Ex. This article describes the Nordic online data base situation, outlining its background and future developments, as well as the supply of different kinds of data base.Ex. Indeed, to spark reader's curiosity incomplete and leading remarks are possible the most effective.Ex. Figure 16 on page 24 gives an overview of searching.Ex. The somewhat late arrival of the ROOT thesaurus in the indexing world means that its penetration will be slow, although it has great potential as a tool for standardizing indexing languages.Ex. As a prelude to using the scheme, we will briefly outline the various sections of this book.Ex. A study then of the underlying features of the classification process and the components of a classification scheme is a preparation for the more critical and informed application of classification schemes.Ex. The infusion of computers and data bases into the law office and the tremendous increase in published legal materials have given rise to the need for the law librarian.Ex. The author concludes that the new course offered an overall improvement in library induction.Ex. He provides information ' backgrounders' to 100-200 people.Ex. Now that information is being distributed through the visual media, exhibitions can provide an entree for diversified and potentially larger audiences.Ex. The work completed to date has only been a build-up to the main phase but its usefulness has already been shown.Ex. The interview provides a behind-the-scenes look at the company's preparation for the service's official rollout in Summer 2000.----* anterior a la introducción de la escritura = preliterate [pre-literate].* hacer una introducción = set + the scene.* hacer una introducción histórica = give + background information.* introducción (a) = introduction (to).* introducción de datos utilizando un teclado = keypunching.* modo de introducción de datos = input mode.* ofrecer una introducción a = provide + a background to.* posterior a la introducción de la escritura = postliterate [post-literate].* programa de introducción a la biblioteca = library training programme.* servir de introducción = set + the backdrop, set + the framework, set + the context.* servir de introducción a = provide + a background to.* tecla de introducción de datos = ENTER key.* * *1) (en libro, obra musical) introduction2)a) (de cambio, medida) introductionla introducción de un nuevo producto en el mercado — the introduction of a new product onto the market
b) ( inserción) insertionc) (a tema, cultura) introduction* * *= background, leading remark, overview, penetration, prelude, preparation, infusion, induction, backgrounder, entrée, build-up [buildup], rollout [roll-out].Nota: De un producto, principalmente..Ex: This article describes the Nordic online data base situation, outlining its background and future developments, as well as the supply of different kinds of data base.
Ex: Indeed, to spark reader's curiosity incomplete and leading remarks are possible the most effective.Ex: Figure 16 on page 24 gives an overview of searching.Ex: The somewhat late arrival of the ROOT thesaurus in the indexing world means that its penetration will be slow, although it has great potential as a tool for standardizing indexing languages.Ex: As a prelude to using the scheme, we will briefly outline the various sections of this book.Ex: A study then of the underlying features of the classification process and the components of a classification scheme is a preparation for the more critical and informed application of classification schemes.Ex: The infusion of computers and data bases into the law office and the tremendous increase in published legal materials have given rise to the need for the law librarian.Ex: The author concludes that the new course offered an overall improvement in library induction.Ex: He provides information ' backgrounders' to 100-200 people.Ex: Now that information is being distributed through the visual media, exhibitions can provide an entree for diversified and potentially larger audiences.Ex: The work completed to date has only been a build-up to the main phase but its usefulness has already been shown.Ex: The interview provides a behind-the-scenes look at the company's preparation for the service's official rollout in Summer 2000.* anterior a la introducción de la escritura = preliterate [pre-literate].* hacer una introducción = set + the scene.* hacer una introducción histórica = give + background information.* introducción (a) = introduction (to).* introducción de datos utilizando un teclado = keypunching.* modo de introducción de datos = input mode.* ofrecer una introducción a = provide + a background to.* posterior a la introducción de la escritura = postliterate [post-literate].* programa de introducción a la biblioteca = library training programme.* servir de introducción = set + the backdrop, set + the framework, set + the context.* servir de introducción a = provide + a background to.* tecla de introducción de datos = ENTER key.* * *A (en un libro, una obra musical) introductionB1 (de un cambio, una medida) introductionla introducción de un nuevo producto en el mercado the introduction of a new product onto the marketla introducción de esa enmienda modifica sustancialmente la ley the inclusion of that amendment substantially alters the act2 (inserción) insertionla introducción de la aguja en el músculo the insertion of the needle into the muscle3 (a un tema, una cultura) introduction introducción A algo introduction TO sthsu introducción a los misterios de la informática her introduction to o initiation into the mysteries of computers* * *
introducción sustantivo femenino
introduction;
introducción A algo introduction to sth
introducción sustantivo femenino introduction
' introducción' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
que
- iniciación
- título
English:
insertion
- institution
- intro
- introduction
- preamble
- preface
- introductory
* * *introducción nf1. [presentación] introduction (a to);introducción a la lingüística [título] an introduction to linguistics;un curso de introducción a la informática an introductory course in computing2. [de libro] introduction3. [de composición musical] introduction;[en música pop] intro4. [inserción] [de objeto] insertion;Informát [de datos] input, entering5. [de novedad, medida, política, en mercado] introduction;precio especial de introducción special introductory price;la introducción de la moneda única the introduction of the single currency;a él se debe la introducción de la patata en Europa he was responsible for the introduction of the potato to Europe;una banda que se dedica a la introducción de tabaco de contrabando en Europa a gang that smuggles tobacco into Europe* * *f1 introduction3 INFOR input* * ** * *introducción n introduction -
4 initiation
initiation [inisjasjɔ̃]feminine nouninitiation (à into)* * *inisjasjɔ̃1) ( formation) introduction (à to)initiation à l'anglais/la gestion — introduction to English/management
2) ( admission à la connaissance) initiation* * *inisjasjɔ̃ nf1) (à une discipline, une activité) introduction2) (à une pratique, pour entrer dans un groupe, un club) initiation* * *initiation nf1 ( formation) introduction (à to); initiation à l'anglais/la gestion introduction to English/management; initiation musicale introduction to music; initiation sexuelle sexual initiation; d'initiation [cours, semaine, stage] introductory;2 ( admission à la connaissance) initiation; rites d'initiation initiation rites.[inisjasjɔ̃] nom féminininitiation à la psychologie/au russe introduction to psychology/to Russian -
5 введение
ср.
1) leading in(to) введение в состав ≈ allotment воен. Введение во храм
2) introduction;
preamble;
preface краткое введение ≈ (в начале литературного произведения) lemmaс.
1. introduction, preamble;
~ в языкознание introduction to linguistics;
2.: В. во храм Пресвятой Богородицы церк. Feast of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > введение
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6 wprowadze|nie
Ⅰ sv ⇒ wprowadzić Ⅱ n 1. (wstęp) introduction 2. (podstawowe informacje) introduction, basics pl- wprowadzenie do językoznawstwa an introduction to linguisticsThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > wprowadze|nie
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7 введение в языкознание
Education: Pre-language science, Introduction to linguisticsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > введение в языкознание
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8 введение в языкознание
лингв. introduction to linguisticsДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > введение в языкознание
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9 историко-культурное введение
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > историко-культурное введение
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10 общее историко-социолингвистическое введение
Linguistics: general historical and sociolinguistic introduction (предшествующее описанию отдельно взятого языка; в тексте англ. обороту предшествует неопред. артикль)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > общее историко-социолингвистическое введение
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11 Bibliography
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Posner (Ed.), Foundations of cognitive science (pp. 1-47). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Simonton, D. K. (1988). Creativity, leadership and chance. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The nature of creativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.■ Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Knopf.■ Smith, E. E. (1988). Concepts and thought. In J. Sternberg & E. E. Smith (Eds.), The psychology of human thought (pp. 19-49). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.■ Smith, E. E. (1990). Thinking: Introduction. In D. N. Osherson & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Thinking. An invitation to cognitive science. (Vol. 3, pp. 1-2). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Socrates. (1958). Meno. In E. H. Warmington & P. O. Rouse (Eds.), Great dialogues of Plato W.H.D. Rouse (Trans.). New York: New American Library. (Original publication date unknown.)■ Solso, R. L. (1974). Theories of retrieval. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Theories in cognitive psychology. Potomac, MD: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.■ Spencer, H. (1896). The principles of psychology. New York: Appleton-CenturyCrofts.■ Steiner, G. (1975). After Babel: Aspects of language and translation. New York: Oxford University Press.■ Sternberg, R. J. (1977). Intelligence, information processing, and analogical reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.■ Sternberg, R. J. (1994). Intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg, Thinking and problem solving. San Diego: Academic Press.■ Sternberg, R. J., & J. E. Davidson (1985). Cognitive development in gifted and talented. In F. D. Horowitz & M. O'Brien (Eds.), The gifted and talented (pp. 103-135). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.■ Storr, A. (1993). The dynamics of creation. New York: Ballantine Books. (Originally published in 1972.)■ Stumpf, S. E. (1994). Philosophy: History and problems (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.■ Sulloway, F. J. (1996). Born to rebel: Birth order, family dynamics, and creative lives. New York: Random House/Vintage Books.■ Thorndike, E. L. (1906). 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(1997a). Cognitive science and the symbolic operations of human and artificial intelligence: Theory and research into the intellective processes. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1997b). The general unified theory of intelligence: Central conceptions and specific application to domains of cognitive science. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1998a). Cognitive science and the mind- body problem: From philosophy to psychology to artificial intelligence to imaging of the brain. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1998b). Language and thought in humans and computers: Theory and research in psychology, artificial intelligence, and neural science. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1998c). The ultimate objectives of artificial intelligence: Theoretical and research foundations, philosophical and psychological implications. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1999). The human mind according to artificial intelligence: Theory, re search, and implications. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
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12 wstęp
m (G wstępu) 1. (wejście, dostęp) admission, admittance, entrance- zakaz wstępu, wstęp wzbroniony no admittance a. entry- osobom postronnym wstęp wzbroniony authorized personnel only- wstęp wolny admission free2. przen. (początek) bez wstępów without any preliminaries- na wstępie to begin a. start with- na wstępie kilka słów o naszym gościu to begin with, a few words concerning our guest- na wstępie zebrania wybrano przewodniczącego at the beginning of the meeting the chairman was chosen3. (część dzieła) introduction 4. (podstawy) introduction (do czegoś to sth)- wstęp do literatury/językoznawstwa an introduction to literature/linguistics- □ bilet a. karta wstępu entrance ticket, ticket of admission* * *( prawo wejścia) entry, admission; (przygotowanie, początek) introduction; LIT preface"wstęp wzbroniony!" — "no entry "
* * *mi1. (= pozwolenie wejścia) entrance, admission; bilet wstępu entrance ticket; opłata za wstęp entrance fee, admission (fee); wstęp wolny w poniedziałki admission free Monday; odmówiono im wstępu they were refused entrance; wstęp wzbroniony no entry; no trespassing.2. (= początek, wprowadzenie, t. tekst wstępny) introduction ( do czegoś to sth); wstęp do teorii kwantów introduction to quantum theory; bez zbytecznych wstępów without further ado; na wstępie... as an introduction..., as a preamble...; po tym wstępie... after this introduction..., after this overture...The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > wstęp
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13 включение
1) General subject: comprehension, comprisal, embedment, including, inclusion, incorporation, insertion, interadditive, actuation2) Computers: enabling3) Geology: band, dissemination, enclave, incrustation, noddle, occlusion, particle, pocket (нефти)4) Aviation: closing-in, cutin, cutting-in, lighting up5) Medicine: incorporation (напр. в мазевую основу), insert, introduction6) American: connection (подсоединение)7) Military: embodying (в состав), (механическое) engagement8) Philosophy: sambhava (рождение Себя узнаванием "Взгляда Шивы" - смотрящий куда бы он не смотрел видит Себя - Я; термин индийской философии)9) Engineering: activation, breakover (тиристора), circuit, close-in, connection, contaminating impurity (постороннее), cutover (волновода), cutting in, embedded particle, enable, enclosure (инородное тело), energized (L) (активный уровень-низкий), entrapping, extraneous impurity (постороннее), foreign impurity (постороннее), impurities, impurity (постороннее), initiation, intercalation, joining-up, network, nodule, on switch, opaque defect (напр. в стекле), pocket, pull-in, scheme, shunting work, spot, start, starting, startup, switching in, triggering, powering, powering on, powering up, switching on, turning on10) Construction: switch connection11) Mathematics: containment, injection12) British English: connexion (подсоединение)13) Railway term: dirt inclusion, interconnection (в схемах)14) Law: embodiment15) Linguistics: nesting16) Automobile industry: cut-in, turn-on, turning-on17) Mining: inclusion (ценного материала в горной породе), nest18) Metallurgy: impurity (напр. пустой породы), (шаровидное) nodule, plugging19) Polygraphy: throwing in20) Telecommunications: hookup21) Electronics: switching-on22) Information technology: connexion, implication23) Oil: admixture, embedding, granula, inclusion (посторонних тел в кристалле алмаза), switching25) Astronautics: burn, cycling on (двигателей), enclosing, engage, igniting, impulse (двигательной установки), initiating, involving, keying, switch on26) Metrology: switch27) Ecology: body, integration28) Petrography: xenolith29) Drilling: application, engagement, nod (nodule), patch (породы)30) Sakhalin energy glossary: firing31) Microelectronics: turned-on32) Polymers: granule33) Programming: include34) Automation: fire, gate triggering, gearing, plug-in, switch-on, (электрическое) switching on, switching-in, switching-in motion, tripping35) Cables: enclosure (инородное тело), inclusion (инородное тело), inclusion in (в состав чего-то), incorporation (in) (в состав чего-то), insertion in (в состав чего-то), switching on (switching-on), turn on (подача питания), turning on (подача питания)36) Aviation medicine: selection (системы, органа управления)37) Makarov: enclosure (инородной тело), energizing (прибора, аппарата), entrapping (макромолекул, клеток в полимер, гель и т.п.), foreign particle, hold, impurity (примесь в материале), inclusion (примесь в материале), incorporation (в состав), incorporation (примесь в материале), inlay, insertion (в цепь), integration (в состав), interposition, involvement, make, occlusion (газа), starting work, switching (прибора, аппарата), switching on (электрическое), turning (прибора, аппарата)38) Soil science: ortstein39) Security: arming40) Gold mining: clot (до 30 см), niggerhead (породы в пласте)41) SAP.fin. consolidation accounting -
14 внесение
1) General subject: entering, importation, superinducement, superinduction, introduction2) Biology: application (напр. удобрений)3) Engineering: addition4) Agriculture: application (напр. удобрений или ядохимикатов), cumulative distribution curve (удобрений, ядохимикатов), incorporation5) Mathematics: bringing in, entry6) Economy: application (напр. удобрений, ядохимикатов)7) Linguistics: parenthesis8) Mining: treatment (удобрений)9) Forestry: application (удобрений, ядохимикатов), distribution (удобрений, ядохимикатов)10) Metallurgy: drag-in (напр. загрязнений катодами гальванической ванны), insertion11) Polygraphy: distribution (удобрений)12) Textile: dressing (удобрений)13) Information technology: application (удобрений), injection14) Astronautics: filling in15) Ecology: distribution (напр. ядохимикатов)16) Patents: application (напр. поправки)17) Makarov: deposit, importation (в математической логике), placement (удобрений), treatment (удобрении, ядохимикатов)18) Security: insertion (напр. дополнений)19) SAP.fin. depositing -
15 определяющее
1) Linguistics: determinandum, governing member -
16 introductory
[ˌɪntrə'dʌktərɪ] [AE -tɔːrɪ]1) [speech, paragraph, course] introduttivo; [ explanation] preliminare2) comm. [ offer] lancio* * *adjective (giving an introduction: He made a few introductory remarks about the film before showing it.) introduttivo* * *introductory /ɪntrəˈdʌktərɪ/a.introduttivo; preliminare: an introductory course in linguistics, un corso introduttivo di linguistica; introductory remarks, osservazioni preliminari● (ass., in GB) introductory discount, sconto praticato ai nuovi assicurati □ (market.) introductory price, prezzo di lancio ( di un prodotto).* * *[ˌɪntrə'dʌktərɪ] [AE -tɔːrɪ]1) [speech, paragraph, course] introduttivo; [ explanation] preliminare2) comm. [ offer] lancio -
17 Sources
■ Adams, Ramón F. Western Words: A Dictionary of the Old West. New York: Hippocrene Press, 1998.■ Bentley, Harold W. A Dictionary of Spanish Terms in English, with Special Reference to the American Southwest. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.■ Blevins, Winfred. Dictionary ofthe American West. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993.■ Carlisle, Rose Jean. "A Southwestern Dictionary." University of New Mexico: Unpublished Thesis, 1939. Cassidy, Frederic G. Dictionary of American Regional English. Volume I: Introduction andA-C. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985. Cassidy, Frederic G., and Joan Houston Hall. Dictionary of American Regional English. Volume II: D-H. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1991.■. Dictionary of American Regional English. Volume III: I-O.■ Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1996.■ Clark, Thomas L. Western Lore and Language: A Dictionary for Enthusiasts of the American West. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1996.■ Hendrickson, Robert. Happy Trails: A Dictionary of Western Expressions. Volume II: Facts On File Dictionary of American Region-alisms. New York: Facts on File, 1994.■ Hill, A. A. " Buckaroo, Once More." American Speech 54 (1979): 151- 153.■ Hoy, Bill. Spanish Terms ofthe Sonoran Desert Borderlands: A Basic Glossary, 4th ed., rev. and enl. Calexico, Calif.: Institute for Border Studies, San Diego State University, Imperial Valley Campus, 1993.■ Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., on compact disc: Windows Network Version 1.11. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.■ Rodríguez González, Felix. Spanish Loanwords in the English Language: A Tendency Towards Hegemony Reversal. Topics in English Linguistics, vol. 18. Herman Wekker, series ed. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996.■ Slatta, Richard W. Cowboys of the Americas. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990.■ Smith, Cornelius C., Jr. A Southwestern Vocabulary: The Words They Used. Glendale, Calif.: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1984.■ Watts, Peter. A Dictionary of the Old West. Avenel, N.J.: Wings Books/Random House, 1977.■ Alvar Ezquerra, Manuel. "Pero ¿quiénes son tantos gringos?" Homenaje a Humberto López Morales, eds. María Vaquero y Amparo Morales, 75-89. Madrid: Editorial Arco, 1992.■ Cabrera, Luis. Diccionario de aztequismos, cuarta edición. Mexico City: Ediciones Oasis, S. A., 1982.■ Cobos, Rubén. A Dictionary of New Mexico and Southern Colorado Spanish. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1983.■ Corominas, Joan. Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, segunda edición. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, S. A., 1967.■ Corominas, Joan, and José A. Pascual. Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico: vols. I-V. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, S. A., c. 1980-.■ Real Academia Española. Diccionario de la lengua española, vigésima primera edición ( CD-ROM). Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1995.■ Galván, Roberto A. The Dictionary ofChicano Spanish/ El diccionario del español chicano, 2d ed. Chicago: National Textbook Co., 1995.■ Garulo, Teresa. Los arabismos en el léxico andaluz. Madrid: Instituto Hispano-Árabe de Cultura, 1983.■ Islas Escárcega, Leovigildo. Vocabulario campesino nacional: objec-ciones y ampliaciones al vocabulario agrícola nacional publicado por el Instituto Mexicano de Investigaciones Lingüísticas en 1935. Mexico: B. de Silva, 1945.■ Santamaría, Francisco J. Diccionario de mejicanismos, quinta edición. Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, S. A., 1992. -
18 in order
At this point a word of warning is in order: -o- is a morpheme in English not because it is one in Greek, but because certain facts of English structure require it to be so interpreted. (H. A. Gleason, ‘An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics’, ch. V) — Уместно подчеркнуть, что -о- - морфема в английском языке не потому, что подобная морфема имеется в греческом, а потому, что фонетическая система английского языка дает этому основание.
2) не нарушающий процедурные правила, регламентI believe I am in order, Mr. Chairman, in raising a question on this figure of £5,000 in the accounts. (J. Galsworthy, ‘The Man of Property’, part II, ch. V) — Господин председатель, мне кажется, я имею право задать вопрос относительно указанной в отчете суммы в пять тысяч фунтов стерлингов.
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19 initial
initial [ɪ'nɪʃəl] ( British pt & pp initialled, cont initialling, American pt & pp initialed, cont initialing)initial;∎ my initial reaction ma première réaction;∎ we expect a few problems in the initial stages dans un premier temps, nous nous attendons à quelques difficultés;∎ the project is still in its initial stages le projet en est encore à ses débuts;∎ Linguistics in initial position en position initiale2 noun∎ initials initiales fpl; (to alteration of cheque etc) paraphe m; (of supervisor etc) visa m; (on garment) monogramme m;∎ it's got his initials on it il y a ses initiales dessus(memo, page, correction) parapher, parafer, signer de ses initiales►► Finance initial capital capital m initial ou d'apport;Finance initial cost coût m inital; (of manufactured product) prix m de revient;Finance initial expenditure frais mpl de premier établissement;Finance initial investment investissements mpl initiaux;initial letter initiale f;Stock Exchange initial margin dépôt m initial ou de marge;American Stock Exchange initial public offering introduction f en Bourse;Commerce initial stock stock m de départ;Finance initial value valeur f de départ
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